الملخص

          Geography has witnessed, throughout its historical course from the 19th century to the 20th century, an evolution in its concepts and in its distinction as a field of science, as it has moved towards developing theories about humanity and its relationship with the earth. This geography has moved to form its own foundations and principles that represent a theoretical basis that distinguishes it from other fields of science. Studies in this field still require extensive research to reveal the contributions of geographers to modern and contemporary geographical thought. Hence, the thinking about writing geography in its modern and contemporary period of development began.