الملخص

Gallstones are abnormal stone masses that form in the gallbladder or hepatic bile ducts and rarely migrate into the bile duct or intestine. The gallbladder can be affected by cholelithiasis, which consists of insoluble substances (usually cholesterol or bilirubin) due to the breakdown of hemoglobin; Or from other substances in the bile that form crystals in the gallbladder and turn into solid stones. The study began in the ninth month of 2021 and continued until the fifth month of 2022. (110) blood serum samples were collected (60 samples for patients and 50 samples for healthy controls) after the patient fasted for a period of no less than (12) hours from the operating rooms (before Surgery was performed at Al-Zahrawi and Al-Salam Teaching Hospitals in Mosul. As for the control group, blood samples were collected after the donor was instructed to fast as well, and an ultrasound was taken for them by specialized doctors in the hospitals mentioned above in addition to Ibn Sina Hospital. The samples were divided into two groups as follows: The first group consisted of patients with cholelithiasis who were diagnosed by male and female specialist doctors of different ages. The second group was the control group, which included collecting blood serum samples obtained from healthy individuals from both sexes after ensuring their safety, provided that they were close in age to the first group.       The study included measuring some biochemical variables in the blood serum of both patient and control groups. The measured variables are (the level of total protein TP, albumin, globulin, cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), bilirubin (BIL), vitamin C, and iron (Fe).