College Of Basic Education Research Journal

The aim of the research is to know the degree of difficulty in teaching mathematics at elementary level، from the point of view of Mathematics Teachers and according to the research variables.
The sample consisted of (140) school female and male teachers of mathematics at Elementary schools (Intermediate and Secondary) in Mosul City for the academic year (2012 -2013) , achieve the aim of the research,the researcher prepared aquestionnaire of three alternahives (many ,middle ,few ) to test the degree of difficulty in Mathematics consisted of (52) items on (7) domains and they are: (The aims of teaching mathematics،the content، methods of teaching، educational techniques،educational activities،evaluation and Time).
The validity and reliability where confirmed after putting this tool in use by the individuals of the sample and analyzing it statistically. The results show the following:
1-There are difficulties in teaching Mathematics in all domains.
2- Teachers where very close to each other in their attitudes towards the difficulties of teaching mathematics as related to the curriculum reforming and in all domains.
3- Mathematics teachers at Secondary and Intermediate levels have close attitudes concerning the difficulties of teaching Mathematics at Elementary level as related to the curriculum reforming and in all domains.
on the light of these results the researcher has presented number of recommendations and suggestions to complete the current research.

The Current research aims at investigating the effect of Learning Together strategy on developing listening–speaking skills and adjusting retrieval behavior by special education pupils. The researcher used the experimental design of two groups(experimental and control). The population of the research was third primary class pupils of special education at the center of Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (2012-2013).The sample consisted of (17) pupils divided into two groups: (9)pupils in the experimental and(8) pupils in the control group. The researcher adopted the list of observing speaking – listening skills made by Al-Wakfi (2009).The researcher prepare a tool to measure retrieval behavior by special education pupils that includes (24)items. The validity of the two tools was extracted by presenting them to a panel of experts. Reliability was extracted using Alfa-Kronbach formula for speaking and listening skills. Listening Reliability was (0.84) and speaking reliability was (0.86).Split- half method was used for retrieval behavior measure and the Reliability was (0.83). The tools were applied both groups. After treating the data statistically using Man -Whitney test , the results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental group that used Learning Together Strategy and the control group that used Traditional method in developing listening and speaking and infavor of the experimental group, as well as an adjustment in retrieval behavior in favor of the experimental group. Thus, the researcher recommends the necessity of Learning Together Strategy in teaching special education pupils and suggested initiating a similar study for fourth primary class pupils in Arabic language grammar.

Mosul City has characterized by existence of several monasteries, whether they were inside the city or outside of it. These monasteries had had significant impact on the religious life of Christians and the rituals, prayers, and religious practices, as well as some of them had owned schools that had a scientific role in studying and teaching the religious sciences. Some of these monasteries have also been known as being places of hospitalization for some chronic diseases due to existing several sulfur springs near of them. Moreover, they were characterized by their fresh air for being located in high areas overtopping on the city, prompted some important figures as caliphs, leaders, and masters to visit them and made residence for a period, due to their capacity, size, and charms ;This leads important figures to visit view, and promenade these places and made them a subject of poems for many poets. Thus, all that formed a cultural face for Mosul city especially Al-Deir Al-a`la, that was the subject of this study.

The research aims to:
1 .Build ascal of psychological alienation by special education pupils .
2 .Identify the level of psychological alienation by special education pupils in general .
3 .Recognize the quality of the difference in psychological alienation depending on sex varible .
The researcher used the descriptive approach becaus it suits the nature of resarch . the sample consisted of (200) male and female pupils of special education in the province of Nineveh . The researcher built a scale of Psychological alienation for the sample cu and depended on scientific methods in construction using the sincerity of the jurors discimination and strength of the paragraphs and internal consistency as well as factor validity , The scale in its final form , consisted of (28) items after confirming the validity and reliability of the scale, and the researcher used the appropriate statistical methods ( Pearson correlation coefficient , T-Test of a single sample , and T_test for two independent samples , factor analysis ) .
The researcher concluded the following:
1 .Psychological Alienation scale prepared by the researcher is a scientific factor and as a tool to measure the degree of psychological alienation by special education pupils .
2 .No special education pupils suffer from psychological alienation .
3 .There is no statistically significant relationship in the level of psychological alienation depending on sex variable.

The current research aims at presenting the effect of using Merrill Tennyson model on the acquisition of Islamic concepts by sixth primary class students . In order to achieve such an aim the following null hypothesis was put which state that : there are no statistically significant differences between the experimental group using Merrill Tennyson Model and the control group using the traditional (lecture ) method. The researcher used the experimental design of two proportionate samples. The sample consisted of (60) pupils chosen by the researcher intentionally from the society of the research and divided into two groups with (30) pupils at the experimental group and (30) pupils at the control group. The researcher equalized both groups in a number of variables like age measured in months, Islamic education subject degree for the fifth class, general average of fifth class, IQ test and academic achievement of parents. The researcher made a (16) items test to acquire concepts. The reliability and stability was verified after applying it on the sample of the research. Treating the data statistically, the results showed the supremacy of the experimental group that used Merrill Tennyson. Given these results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims at revealing The Effect Of Helda Taba Model on the Acquisition of Some Social concepts by The Fifth Grade Primary Pupils . In order to achieve such an aim the following null hypothesis has been put which state that : there are no statistically significant differences between the experimental group using Helda Taba Model and the control group using traditional (lecture ) method . The researcher used the experimental design of two groups (experimental and control) with post-test . The sample has consisted of (64) pupils chosen by the researcher intentionally from the society of the research and has been divided into two groups with (32) pupils at the experimental group and (32) pupils at the control group . The researcher has equalized between both groups in a number of variables like age measured in months , Social Science degree for the fourth class , general average of fourth class , IQ test and academic achievement of parents . The researcher has made a (19) items test to acquire concepts . The reliability and stability have baan verified after applying it on the sample of the research .Treating the data statistically , the results have showed the supremacy of experimental group that used Helda Taba Model . Given these conclusions and results , the researcher has given a number of recommendations and suggestions like using Helda Taba Model on the Acquisition of Social Science by Fifth Grade Primary Pupils and condnet a study to know the effect Of Heled Taba Model on creative thinking .

The present study aims at investigating the effect of teamwork investigation model on the achievement of the first intermediate grade students in the subject of chemistry and developing their motivation towards it. The sample was randomly chosen and consisted of (88) students. It was distributed into two groups, (48) students in the experimental group in Othman Ibn Afan intermediate school and which was taught according to teamwork investigation model and (40) students in the control group in Al-Zouhor intermediate school and which was taught according to the normal method. Equating procedures were used to equalize the two groups in a number of non experimental variables. To apply the study, the researcher prepared the lesson plans for both groups of the research. To achieve the aims and test the hypotheses of the study, the present research has required the preparation of two tools an objective achievement test in the form of multiple choice and matching consisted of (50) items to measure students achievement in chemistry. The validity of the test was examined and the content validity type was used for this purpose. The test was presented to a numbers of experts and the percentage for accepting the items was (80%) and all items got this percentage and more. The second tool is a previously made questionnaire designed by AlHasnnawi (2005) to measure motivation which consisted of (33) items.
After collecting and analyzing the data by using T-test for two independent samples, at (0.05) level of significance, the results indicated that:
1. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of achievement for the experimental group and those of the control group for the benefit of the experimental group .
2. There is a statistically significant difference between the means of tests of pre-and post developing motivation for the experimental group used the suggested model and infavor of post test.

The research studies the nature of education (primary and higher) in Iraq for the period (1958-1968), it is an attempt to shed light on the education reality and it's development through the adopted governmental policies at that time, referring to the expansion occurred in schools building in villages and countryside, besides the foundation of many colleges and universities in different governorates of Iraq.
The research referred as well to the government's attempts to limit the illiteracy phenomenon which was widely spread in Iraq and clarify the increasing of the student's numbers as a result of the education spreading, and how the government managed to attract them to the institutes and the colleges.

The current research aims at knowing the impact of using Janet educational model on acquiring Fiqh concepts by the pupils of Islamic secondary school in Fiqh and their motivation towards learning it ; the researcher used the experimental design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The sample was (44) pupils of fourth secondary class in the Islamic secondary for girls , divided into twogroups: experimental that used Janet educational model and were (21) (division A), and control group that used the traditional method and were (23) (division B).
Equivalence between both groups was done in the following variables:(general average, age measured in months and academic achievement of parents), the experiment lasted (8) weeks and four days, the researcher made two tools: the first a (49) items of multiple choice , second: motivation scale towards learning Fiqh of (30) items , both reliability and stability of the scale were verified, the researcher used the following statistical means (T-test of two independent samples, Person correlation factor , Spearman –Brown equation). The results showed statistically significant differences between both groups in acquiring fiqh concept and in favor of the experimental group, Statistically significant differences between both groups in motivation towards learning fiqh and in favor of the experimental group. Given these results, the researcher made a number of recommendations such as the necessity of having courses for the Islamic material teachers supervised by specialized Professors in methodologies from Mosul University to keep the teachers updated with modern methodologies models and styles. The researcher also made a number of suggestions such as making a study about the effect of using Janet educational model in memorizing Quranic texts and mastering Tilawa rules for eighth basic class pupils in glorious Quran.

Ahmed Amin (1886-1954) was one of our literates who lived though the beginnings of the last century Renaissance. He was taken by the awakening and emergent changes of the global literature and thought. Thus, he tried to be among the first to react with and participate in these changes in order that the Nation would take its suitable human and cultural position. He believed that such a position could be realized if continuous aware prerequisites including technical, scientific and cultural ones are prepared.
He believed right from the very beginning, that there is no specific closure of knowledge sphere, that any literature or nation's thought carries values and orientations which are ready for anywhere and anytime solutions. Thus, he claims for finding a new Arabic Literary discourse trying to add new spheres of knowledge to it. This is so, because it is illogical for the Nation's thought and literary discourse to remain in a state of previous works rumination. Thus, a new semantic foundation is required to benefit from the discourse of Present for the Future.
In his critical articles, and among the basics of this semantic foundations was his implied claim for uni3fying a distinctive framework and method of Arabic Literature away from subordination and imitation.

Texualization is considered a prominent phenomenon in the literal text whether it was a poetry or a a prose, as each text has its own connections with previous texts and it is totally different from the text with which it has a textual relation through Bakhtenian dialogue that is achieved between the two texts to uncover the relations between the previous and the current text taking into consideration all the external references (outside the text) and internal ones (inside the text).Thus it will generate a new text which fulfills the communication process between the sender and the recipient.
The research entitled: (Texuality and Referencing in the poem of (MawsimShie'r) by the Poet Bashar IbnYamoot) tackled the texualization that showed the relation between the title and the text and the extent to which it influences the text formally and semantically, and also tackled the format of the poetic verses through analyzing the action, shape and the meaning.
Then, the researcher moved to the reference of the places and characters in an attempt to distinguish between the two terms: textualization and reference

This study is aphonological modern study of AL-Tur Sura. It combines theory and application in the Quranic phonological modern study to investigate syllabic phonological structure of AL-Tur Sura and to understand its syllabic texture and to know the phonological harmony which is represented by repetition with its all types because of its importance in combining between the rhythmic and semantic function and to understand the bilingual relation between the word and its
reference which is, in its essence, the correspondence between sound and meaning. Vocabulary acquire their meaning from the sounds of words. The Quran used words accurately. It used the suitable sound for the suitable word. The sounds of threatening with their power and intensification differ from the sounds of with paradise with their softness.
The work is divided into a preface and three parts. Part one deals with the phonological structure and rhythm in AL-Tur Sura and to discover the rhythmic units of syllables. The second part studies repetition of sounds in with asingle word and Aya and the repetition of words in the Aya. The third part includes the semantic direction of sounds. The work ends with the most important conclusions.

The paper shedes light on seduction of speech in the poem "Nawfil AL–Ma'a" by the poet Bushra Al–Bustani in her anthology "Mukhatabaat Haw'aa" published by Dar Shams for publication and distribution, 2010. The paper depend on an empirical reading action that endearoured earnestly to present the inward world of woman as a self vision and exploiting this world in a semantic and symbolic activity.
The paper dealt with two fundamental levels:
The first level the title as a seductive structure, whereas the second concentrates on the content through adhering to read every stanza of the poem.

This research attends to the topic "The Head of the Literary Text Body" in Ali Kamalul-din AL-Fahhadi's stories due to the distinction
that characterizes his story collection "Saheel AL-Majarra Fi Safhat
AL-Nahr" and its internal headings, and is embodied by artistic coherence between the title and content through the analysis of all its overall aspects, namely structural, relational and functional.
The research subsumes an introduction and three sections. The introduction identifies the concept of the title and presents a summary of AL-Fahhadi's cultural and literary biography.
The first section tackles (the functions of the title), while the second section studies (the structure of the title) in terms of both the story content and the title of the story collection. The third section deals with the (relations of the title).

Omission is an obvious phenomenon in Arabic regarding grammar and meaning because it requires two things: the existence of clue that refers to the omitted and the existence of the probable. The first thing is back to grammar that omission is never true unless the clues are availabile. The other thing back to meaning because there is no omission without compatibility and both things are studied in this research. The case endings may be an important clue of the omitted noun or verb that all of this has a relation to meaning and an effect in speech. Grammarians have not differentiate between noun and verb but between a verb and another regarding semantics and meaning explaining the linguistic system which requires mentioning the grammatical structure and if something is dropped from it depending on the circumstance or speech evidences: There are expressions which are used together and no one exists without the other like construct noun phrase, modified and modifier, conditional sentence and apodosis, that needs estimation when omitted .
Whatever the situation is, we will study omission in the Holy Qura'n regarding grammar and meaning in four sections: the first section: the central omission which will be disussed in length in this research, the second section: omission of some accompanying elements, the third section: omission of what is left, and the fourth section: omission of letters. Before these sections , there is a brief preface that studies the meaning of omission regarding language and expressions, the proofs of omission and its conditions and qualifications, the research has a conclusion in which a summay of will be presented.

The importance of this study comes out fromcombining jurisprudential terms with linguist sensesthrough the attention given by jurisprudents to the linguistic aspect. Most of the consulted references in this study are jurisprudents’ compilations, old and contemporary linguistic books in addition to some dictionaries.
The two terms AL-Naql (change of meaning) and AL-Irtijal (improvisation) are mentioned by linguists and jurisprudents as description and application. The term AL-Mmanqool (The transferred term) is mentioned by the grammarians to mean the opposite of the improvised terms of proper nouns. AL- Manqool (the transferred term) ismentioned by morphologists to refer to the practical aspect of morphology. AL- Manqool (the transferred term) is used by rhetoricians under the category of real meaning and metaphor whereas AL- Murtajal (the improvised term) does not lie within the major of rhetoricians.
The Islamic fundamentalists (the experts of the origin of Islamic jurisprudence) are the ones who studied these two terms more than others. They pay attention to the changer, the author and the user of these two terms. They see the improvised termas real meaning with regard to the jurisprudential changer whereas AL- Manqool (the transferred term)depends on the changers, so there are different terms:the linguistically-transferred term, the jurisprudentially-transferred term and the customary-transferred term whether it is specific or general. Al-r (the semantic change of meaning)and Al-Irtijal (the improvisation) were used by jurisprudents with both the linguistic and idiomatic senses.
Thus, the jurisprudential terms can be divided into the jurisprudentially-transferred term and the jurisprudentially-improvised term and this is a characteristic of all jurisprudential divisions with regard to these two terms. Peace be upon our master Mohamed, his family and all his companions. Praise be to Allah the Master of all worlds.

This is a nice treatise in Hanafi Jurisprudence entitled "Kashf alkina'a 'an Mas'alat altabarru'a bima yastahiqqul radhie'e" which means (uncovering the mask of bestowing the suckling's rights), authored by the scholar sheikh Hasan Bin Ammar bin Ali al Sharanbalali. The sheikh answered a question about a man who divorced his wife, and a trivial amount of money was assigned to his ex wife in return of her breast feeding and taking care of his suckling. The man wanted to stop this allocation by claiming that he found another woman who was ready to wet nurse his son for free in addition of his being a poor man.
This treatise, although short, is worth to be considered. It is old , of unique subject, of few versions and its author is well known and estimated. The author was called the Lantern of the Azhar and its shiningt planet. It was said that if the man who wrote the book of al Siraj al Wahhaj saw him, he would quote some of his light and if the author of al dhahira saw him he would disappear at his appearance. He was the master of disputed matters, the one whose treatises and presentations surpassed the most beneficial means.
Allah, be He exalted, bestowed upon me the means to find two hand written copies after long search and much effort. I strained myself to scrutinize it according to accurate scientific scrutinizing, to serve those who seek to learn jurisprudence, I amended the text, classified the ayas, defined the terms and gave a biography of figures as well as a preface of the author's life.

Islamization of knowledge calls for building contemporary Islamic knowledge system which made a number of professors,scientists, thinkers and especially students in MA and PHD programs in front of this dangerous role which they should take. Some of them introduced new visions contributed in one way or another in correcting path of knowledge within the Islamic knowledge, and Dr Imad Eddin Khalil was among them His efforts was clear in rooting the concept of Islamization, its importance and their steps by using inductive and analytical deductive approachs of the Holy Quraan, Islamic heritage and modern and contemporary data. It is clear that Islamization for him is practicing active cognition, compilation, gather and commune action from the angle of Islamic conception for universe, life and man on the basis of their relations with Islam. He doesn't cancel cognitive, scientific and cultural achievements for different sciences, but seek for preserving, scrutinizing and balancing them with Islam and contribute in establishing methodological scientific mentality and presenting new aims and conclusions.

The explanatino for scientists of Rhetorics is not merely astatement for the meanings but is alsoatrial to discover the miracles of al-Quran and its Communique and rhetoric.So the scientists can not obviously know all its meanings but this full knowledge can be found with such persons who had correctly understood the science of Rhetorics .
According to that,this study will deal with one sura which is ((surat AL-feel Rhetorical study according to the meaning and communique sciences)) so that the researcher can serve with honour the book oF Allah.

The Murabiteen state was greatly constructed by religious men and philologists. Their efforts strengthened the state. It was normal for those persons to be glorified and consulted by the Murabiteen rulers. Thus, they became the advisers of the Murabiteen rulers. In addition to that, the judge's powers were multiple and various. The judge supervised many plans of life like Shura (consulting), prayer and oratory.
‎Generally, the Murabiteen rule was characterized by the Islamic principles.
‎Thus, they did not decide anything without consulting the religious men like philologists. It was well-known that the Murabiteen ruler, Yousif Bin Tashfeen, was preferring and glorifying the philologists and religious men as well as taking their advice.
‎Yousif Bin Tashfeen's son followed his father's way in consulting the judges and the philologists in all the state's affairs. Even when his son succeeded the throne, he consulted the judges' advice. Thus, consulting judges became the habit of all the Murabiteen princes to follow

Emirates appeared in Azerbaijan, specialy The Emirate Al-aishanet and Daisam AlKurdi which undertook facing the Buyids and Al-zaeareen and Al-hsnaueen and Emirate Al-musafrea because they want to dominate. Buyids and Al-zaeareen and Al-hsnaueen and Emirate Al-musafrea paid a special attention to Azerbaijan and their aim was achieving two aim: the first was political: to expand the borders of their state after they dominated Persia and Karman and tabrstan,Territory Al-jebal. The second one was economic showed an interest to get a good share in Azerbaijan trade because its geographical position. This matter had caused a resentment by Emirate Al-aishanet and Daisam AlKurdi which did not accept Buyids, Al-zaeare and Al-hsnaueen and Emirate Al-musafrea penetration in Azerbaijan, t. Finally, this lead the situations to become Comple and a struggle broke out between them. The study includes two section the first Al-aishanet and The second one included the Daisam Al-Kurdi.

It is well known that studying the history of the Ommiad is an exciting topic . It makes the hearts shiver before the pens . On the one hand , their history forms many achievements in the Islamic state, on the other , their history is engulfed by whims and dispositions of their narrators in which the historian may find himself surrounded by fabricated facts . These facts had impact on the viewpoints that were held by the parties which were opponents of Ommiad . In order to give a sightful picture about the Ommiad family under the reign of the Abbasid , this study investigates the academic and cultural role of this family whose members were prominent as scientists and men of letters

The study aimed to investigate the contacts between Seljuks andByzantine State during Tuqrul Beg Era , whichclarifies how the Seljuks appeared in the East toward the north where they Possessed Asia Minor ,Armenia ,the heart of Byzantine State. During this Era war contacts appeared with their results as well as the Diplomatic relations and their effects on the area

Ambitions of Iran in developing technology of nuclear energy had attracted the states attention of the states which have technical experts in the nuclear field. China was one of these states which played a big role in its peaceful nuclear cooperation with Iran during 1980’s,1990’s .
With the increase of challenges between Iran and the West regarding crisis of Iran’s nuclear program during the first decade of 21st century, China presented its position insisting on a solution of that crisis by negotiating and diplomatic dialogue in order to avoid any military dispute which might face Iran. This is due to the economic interests of China as well as its interests in the field of oil and natural gas with the region and Iran in particular.

Bahrain gained its dependence in 1971 and a new political stage has been started which was represented by issuing the constitution of 1973 beside forming the council of ministers and the national council. However, that had not continued only for two years where the constitution was suspended and the national council was dissolved; that situation was as an early retrogression for the state where the country experienced the growing of national movement that opposed the government's decisions and emergence of parties and societies such as (the constitutional movement).
After the second Golf war (1990-1991) the opposition movements stressed on the importance of the constitution as a sole and accepted base for politics and focused on restoration of the previous representative bodies like the Bahrain national council through the petitions that have been submitted to the ruling regime. They were concentrated primary on enlarging the range of political participation and considering consultation the main base for democracy. In spite of the positive developments that enhanced democracy and which have been occurred precisely since taking waters of governance by Sheikh Hamad Bin Issa in Bahrain in 1999, the political stability has not been achieved; so he issued a new constition in 2002 that aimed to adapt to internal pressures which were encountered by the country. The country remained to suffer from the traditional problems especially the political sectarianism that had spread in the country beside the absolute control by the government over the political bodies.

The scientific and intellectual life of the Ottomans is considered one of the most issues that has been neglected and received no interest in terms of deep investigation , although scientific and intellectual life in the Ottoman region is an integral part of the history of the science and thought of the Islamic world in that this subject constitutes a great importance in understanding the scientific and intellectual contribution that the Ottomans introduced in general.
In this context, the study of the Ottoman School and its role in the life of Justice and Administration is a very important issue, where the Ottoman School was a civilized foundation with a private nature established for graduating generations that hold the Islamic thought , follow its concepts and perform their role in the Ottoman society . Therefore, it can be said that the Ottoman School has performed a prominent role in shaping the mind and knowledge of the Ottoman State.

The research aims to analyze the impact of labor on agricultural activity as a reality existing in Alkwair Nahia, and disclosure of their impact on the agriculture sector in terms of both the number and type of experience and skill, and what part it can take in increasing or decreasing the agricultural production, and the labor facing of economic and social problems that hinder Rural development, the data used in this research is that of the 2012 field study with a random unintended sample, included 142 farmers with 5%, of the total farmers enrolled in the Division of Agriculture in Alkwair Nahia (2828) farmers, the researcher relied on the quantitative methods in calculating the numbers of the workforce and their parentage , using the SPSS program in the disaggregation of data and statistical analysis to extract the correlation coefficient factor to express the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables Spatial analysis techniques in geographic information systems (GIS) were used in the preparation of maps, and the research revealed the presence of correlation coefficients which vary in terms of their severity We find that the strength of the relationship between the average income of the farmer and the literacy rate of them had reached 0.478 **, while the relationship was weak between the level of education and the use of agricultural mechanization which amounted to 0.251, and that the strength of the relationship between the percentage of those who reap the harvest using modern machines and the average income of the farmer is weak amounting to 0.224 , and correlation coefficient showed an inverse relationship between the proportion of negative who have a mode of transport and the average income of the farmer reached -0.017.

The research studies the nature of the American-French relations during 1958-1969; the period during which Charles De Gaulle assumed the power in France.
Charles De Gaulle, since he took power, pursued an independence policy apart from the outside world that aimed at bringing France back to the ranks of the great powers as it was in the past. That policy intersected with the USA as it was the leader of the West. The withdrawal of France from the NATO and developing its nuclear program were the considerable features of that rupture and intensive tension within the French-American relations.

Imam Abdul-Hameed Bin Badees, the founder of Algerian Muslim Scholars Association, was regarded as one of the Algerian prominent scholars in educational reforming. Among the association leaders, he was distinguished by harangue, vision and method. He was educated and was living the tragedy of his society and culture in his own way. His comprehensive reformist activity, which was social, political, educational, religious and patriotic, had a prominent role in restoring Islamic Arabic prestige to Algeria and creating a society which could stand against the invaders to attain independence.
After being occupied by France in (1830 A.D.), the Algerian society was obviously controlled by the French culture that even some people of Algerian society were affected by it. In addition, Islamic thought was widely controlled by Sufism. These led to spreading heresies and myths. So, Algerian reformist scholars together with Imam Abdul-Hameed Bin Badees were pushed to search for means and ways to get the Algerian society out of retardation and ignorance and also to rid Islam of all what was falsely attached to it, i.e. all the things which afflicted the Islamic nation in general and the Algerian society in particular. So, the Imam directed all his reformist and educational efforts to treat the society by demanding to refer to Holly Qur'an and Sunnah through his reformist speeches which he was delivering in his lessons and teachings in Mosques, as well as his publications on papers which he published.
This research aims at eliciting the aspects of the Imam's reformist speech in education, teaching and press. Thus, it was decided to divide the research into: an introduction about the concept of speech and its importance in reforming; a summary about the life and personality of Imam Bin Badees. Furthermore, the educational reform in the teaching domain and the role of scholars and press in teaching and educational reform from the speech of Imam Bin Badees were also tackled.

The research aims to:
1. Identify the values of some Force-time index variable in the Jerk part for Iraqi weightlifters.
2. Identify the shape of Force-time index in the Jerk part for Iraqi weightlifters.
3. Build the sample of Force-time index in the Jerk part for Iraqi weightlifters.
4. Evaluate the Iraqi sample in the Jerk part of Force-time index with the international sample.
Method:
The researchers used the descriptivemethod to suit the nature of the research. The sample was 7 elite Iraqi weightlifters chosen intentionally.
The researchers used test, measurement and technical observation to get the data by using 3 cameras it speed (25 fps).
Then we get the Variables of Force-time index.
The data analyzed statistically by using calculated mean, standard division and percentage
The conclusions:
1. The Iraqi Force-time index has the same shape of international weightlifters in the Jerk part with some difference in the value of force and time, because of thedifference in level of the weights of the international weightlifters and the weight they lifted.
2. The force in phases of the changing position from standing to bending legs to preparing to the Jerk part is very clear in Force-time index.
3. The phases of impact and transmition were very clear in the part of split during the Jerk.
4. There was the same difference in percentage value in Force-time index between Iraqi and international weightlifters to eulogize of international weightlifters.

The research aimed at revealing the following :
1. The administrative divisions of the general directorate of physical education in Iraq and their organizational engagements and structures from 1919 to 1992.
2. The names of general directorate of physical education from 1919 to 1992.
3. The relations general directorate of physical education with the ministries from 1919 to 1992 .
The researchers have adopted the historical methodology with content- analysis method. The analysis was connected with the administrative research variables related to the divisions, major organizational engagements and structures of the general directorate of physical education in Iraq.
The researchers have concluded several results ,like :
1. The political and intellectual changes played an effective role. The organizational map of the general directorate of physical education witnessed a motor administrative developments and divisions according to the new objectives and activities whose administrative division was concentrated on the functional base , the basic purpose of the activity and the nature of its beneficiaries.
2. The occurrence of five changes in the name of the general directorate of physical education from 1919 to 1992 .
3. The connections of the general directorate of physical education were limited to the ministry of education and the ministry of youth from 1919 to 1992 .
The researchers have recommended the necessity of :
1. Adopting the scientific authentic rules in constructing the organizational structure of the general directorate of physical education. The accuracy should be taken into account in recognizing its organizational reality besides exploring the future changes in a way that the construction did not expose to the repeated essential construction changes which may obstacle it.
2. Preventing the political effects and their cultural and philosophical related matters from the obligatory and pointless intervention in making substantial amendments on the bases and pillars of the administrative divisions of the general directorate of physical education.
3. The general directorate of physical education should keep its organizational personality aiming at developing schools physical activity.

Twenty five isolates of the fungus Alternaria alternata, the causative agent of leaf-spot disease, were obtained from diseased specimens of eight vegetable plants collected from several sites within the city of Mosul, Iraq. The isolates were purified by the slide-culture technique and the single-spore isolation technique and used to compare their radial growth rate and efficiency in producing conidia, both features are essential for successful spread of the plant pathogen.After 5 days incubation on PSA at (25±1)ºc isolate AA4 from Beta vulgaris gave the largest colony diameter (55mm) while isolate AA11 isolated from Raphanus oleracea gave the smallest (34.1mm).As regard the conidial suspension density, isolate AA20 from Abelmoschus esculentus gave the most dense suspension (14x105 conidia/ml) while isolate AA24 from Beta vulgaris gave the least dense suspension (8.2x105 conidia/ml) among all isolates. Both of these attributes are genetically controlled and very essential for successful spread of the pathogen.

A new complexes of some transition metal ions (Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II)) and non transition metal ions (Zn(II),Cd(II)) with a number of Schiff bases obtained from the condensation of some amino acids isoleucine, phenylalanine and alanine with (3-acetyl Indol) have been prepared. All the prepared complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis(M), molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility infrared and electronic spectral. The complexes were classified as:
1-Complexes with the formulas [ML(CH3COO) (H2O)2].
2- Complexes with the formulas [ML(CH3COO) ] H2O.
M= Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II)Cd(II).
L= 3-acetyl Indol isoleucine imine, 3-acetyl Indol phenylalanine imine and 3-acetyl Indol alanine imine.
The physical measurements showed that the prepared complexes have a tetra coordinated (tetrahedral) and hexa-coordinated (octahedral) structure and that all the prepared complexes were non electrolyte.

The present study deal with the identification ofsome cultivars ofPyruscommunis L.mainly ( Karmen , Konphrs , Zafrane and Willyam) planted in different places of Mosul city . The morphological characters involved ( Bud , stems . leaves , flowers , fruits seeds , and indumentnms ).
The results indicates that the leaves and fruits have a good value to separates and identified .
The cultivarspalynological study showed that pollen grains differ for shape and dimension in polar and equatorial view and were found to be tricolporate.
The results of chemical study showed that (8) phenolic compound were identifiel in all conolicexraction of leaves , They were (Querecetin, Querectin-7- glucoside, Myrcitine, Rutin, Luteoline-7- glucoside , Luteoline , Kampforal and Apigenine ).This resultshowed a good value to identification the cultivars.

This study was conducted on eight samples of importend and local communities soft drink in Mosul cityfor isolatingand detcting fungi from it,namely(sprite, aldeera orange, aldeera cola,aldeera up,akad,wild tiger,uludag fruity).The results showed that all samples of soft drink were non contaminated except soft drink company of coca cola- Erbil, Iraq and the isolated fungus wasAspergelliusniger and Phoma sp.

In this paper, the best values of the hardness of CuO and ZnO and their alloys have been determined. This is performed according to the chemical form of CuxZn1-xO for values 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1. Different pressure values (8, 10, 12.5, 15, 17) have been applied on the samples. After that, the hardness measurements have been performed with and without thermal coefficients according to the annealing and cooling. The annealing temperatures were 2, 3, 4 hr. Next, slowly cooling in the air (inside the oven) and fast cooling in the air are done, as well as, in water and oil.
The measurement results of the hardness of compressed and non-annealed CuO and ZnO under different pressures indicate these values were very small and approach to zero. This can be attributed to the lack of cohesion at room temperature.
Moreover the measurement results of the hardness of CuO have shown that the compressed samples under pressure (15-17 ton/cm2) and annealed with temperature 1000 Co have the highest values of the hardness, these samples have been annealed from 3 to 4 hr., then have been cooled slowly in the air and fast in the oil, their hardness values were 122 1nd 123, respectively. This depends on the method used in the study (Rockwell Hardness Test). With respect to the ZnO, the hardness values were different compared to the hardness values of CuO. The hardness value of CuO was 4, this depends on the(VickersHardness Test). The reason behind that may be attributed to the fragile, slack nature and smallness sizes of the grains.
The alloys with the chemical form CuxZn1-xO have been fabricated;studying of the pressure effects and thermal coefficients on the hardness values has been achieved depending on the method of (VickersHardness Test) because this method is more suitable for alloys. The hardness values of non-annealed alloys were very small because of the lack of cohesion of their grains; while the hardness of the annealed alloys which treated by slow and fast cooling have identical values approximately. Finally, it is observed that hardness reduces when mass percentage of ZnO/CuO is increased.

The research includes the determination of Glutathione peroxidase activity and its relationship with some biochemical parameters in serum of patients of diabetes type II. The activity Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione-s-transferase and the level of Glutathione are significantly decreased (p<0.05). whereas the activity of Superoxide dismutase, Polyamine oxidase and the levels of glucose, Glycocylated hemoglobin, Malondialdehyde, insulin hormone and insulin hormone resistance are increased significantly in patients compared to that of healthy subjects.
A positive correlation is found between Glutathione peroxidase with Glutathione-s-transferase (r=0.417), Superoxide dismutase (r=0.644) and Glutathione (r=0.521), whereas a significant negative correlation is found between Glutathione peroxidase with Malondialdehyde (r= -0.452).
The present study also deals with partial purification of Glutathione peroxidase from serum of Type II diabetic patients by dialysis, and ion exchange DEAE-cellulose techniques. One proteinous peak of Glutathione peroxidase activity is obtained with specific activity of 0.128 Umg protein and purification fold 10.27 compared to crude enzyme.
The kinetic characteristics of partially purified Glutathione peroxidase are studied. The maximum activity is obtained at 12.8µg of enzyme, Na-K phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.3, temperature 37C, incubation time 8 min., with 10 mM Na+1 . Vmax and Km values of partially purified Glutathione peroxidase with the substrate, Glutathione are found 0.31unit/ml and 1.538 mM respectively.

Photocoagulation therapy is a method of treating detachments of the retina (the layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye) with an argon laser. The high-intensity beam of light from the laser is converted into heat, which forces protein molecules in the affected tissue to condense and seal the tissue. So photocoagulation bleeding of retina with Argon laser of a diabetic patient is considered one of the modern method for searching ofa relationship between the energy of laser beam and spot area of bleeding retina.The aim of the research is the choice of the energy needed for space required, leading to reduced patient stay under the laser device and reduce the fear factor of the patient.The quality information that has been obtained can be used in future as database which can be embedded into a laser device can work automatically.

In the presence of noise, the characteristics of speech are changed which is known as the Lombard effect. This effect is perceptually felt with an increase in intensity of speaking. These changes in the characteristics of speech production are to ensure intelligible communication in noisy environments. These changes also result in the performance degradation of speech systems like speaker recognition and speech recognition. Human speech production mechanism is affected by this phenomenon.
Acoustic and auditory changes occur when a speaker modifies his/her vocal output to increase the vocal effort and to articulate in a more precise manner for better communication. The Lombard effect increases the degree of speech intelligibility unlike other levels of noise pollution.
This study attempts to assess the effect of this phenomenon on the production and perception of plosives of English, Standard Arabic and Baghdadi Arabic. Certain acoustic tests will be conducted on English and Arabic speakers with full computerized analysis of data.
Keywords: Lombard speech, intelligibility, plosives, acoustic features

This study investigates the types, functions, frequency and importance of discourse markers (henceforth, DMs) in thirty private synchronous online Yahoo chat texts. The data are drawn from same- and cross- sex dyadic interactions. Adopting Schiffrin's (1987) and Fraser's (1999) models, the study seeks to address certain research questions such as how are the forms of DMs in online chat discourse realized; which DMs are the most frequent; Does gender type play a role in the chatters' use of DMs, etc.
Certain hypotheses are formulated out of which DMs are frequently used in online chat. Second, there are differences in the use of DMs in same- and cross-sex dyadic interactions; it is also hypothesized that conjunction is the most frequent DM in all types of interactions; and that some DMs are informal while others are quite formal.
The results of the study match the hypotheses raised. Thus, it has been found, among the concluding remarks, that there are frequent use of DMs by chatters and that there are gender differences in the use of DMs though conjunction has the highest percentage.

This paper sheds light on an Arabic rhetorical phenomenon called
At-Tawriya (pun) which is predominantly manifested in some literary and religious texts. It occurs when a speaker uses an expression with two meanings one of which is the surface, obvious, straightforward meaning called المورّى به Almuwarra bihi which comes first to the addressee's mind, though it is not intended by the speaker; the other is the deep underlying one called المورّى عنه Almuwarra canhu, and although it is intended by the addresser, it does not cross the addressee's mind. At-Tawriya makes the addressee think that the surface straightforward meaning is the intended meaning since it first evokes in his/her mind and consequently s/he misunderstands the deep underlying meaning which is the one intended by the speaker. The study aims at (1) exploring the nature and causes behind using At-Tawriya. (2) pointing out some problems a translator may face when rendering Qur'anic verses (ayahs) including such a phenomenon into English. The study hypothesizes that unawareness on the part of the translators of the punning nature of some Qur'anic texts may lead them to misunderstanding of the underlying intended meaning and therefore producing literal and inaccurate renderings. The study comes out with the conclusion that At-Tawriya is not as clear cut as other rhetorical devices to be easily recognized by translators for its intended meaning is always covered by the unintended one. Hence, it is considered a problematic area for translators especially when the surface unintended meaning is supported by a contextual evidence.