الملخص

            The study sheds light on the foundations of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Umayyads relied on military power, based on the loyalty of the Syrian tribes, including the Yamani and Qahtani tribes, and a policy of balancing between them. In addition, its legitimacy was fundamentally represented by the introduction of the principle of divine ordainment in the face of opposition from other factions. The strength and continuity of the caliphate depended on adhering to these principles. However, the later caliphs were unable to adhere to this policy. They neglected the balance between the tribes, which weakened the caliphate and ultimately led to its downfall.