College Of Basic Education Research Journal

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire witnessed a reform movement in which some of the sultans of the Ottoman Empire contributed, whether in moving the reform process or supporting the reformers who had the largest role in these reforms.
The research reviewed the reformers in the state and opponents of reforms and the lines of Kul Khanna and Humayun and the factors driving their issuance and other reform laws and the new law of 1851 AD and the penal laws of the year 1858 and the Code of Judicial Procedure, then the judiciary and courts and then the new administration in the era of organizations.